Nikit Abhyankar*, Jose Dominguez, Nihar Shah, Neelima Jain, Amol Phadke
India is experiencing a rapid surge in electricity demand driven by the widespread adoption of room air conditioners (ACs), propelled by rising incomes, urbanization, and increasingly severe heat waves.
We estimate that between 2025 and 2035, India will add an additional 130-150 million new room ACs, and without targeted interventions, room ACs alone could contribute over 180 GW to India’s peak load by 2035, straining the power system and necessitating costly investments in new capacity.
This paper evaluates the potential of accelerating room AC efficiency improvements to address this challenge. We propose an aggressive revision of Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)—raising the 1-star label to ISEER 5.0 by 2027 (equivalent to today’s 5-star level), ISEER 6.3 by 2030 (on-par with the most efficient ACs currently sold in India by leading domestic and multinational manufacturers), and ISEER 7.4 by 2035 (on-par with the most efficient AC currently sold globally).
Our analysis shows that this strategy could reduce peak demand by over 60 GW by 2035, avoid ₹7.5 trillion in generation and grid investments, and deliver up to ₹2.2 trillion in net consumer savings. Drawing on empirical data from India and global markets, we find that super-efficient ACs are already widely available and cost-effective. Strengthening standards, combined with targeted programs, can transform India into a global leader in sustainable and affordable cooling while avoiding looming power shortages and generating massive consumer benefits.
Working Paper
Working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed.
Figure 1. India’s Room Air Conditioner Units and the recommended MEPS (1-Star) trajectory. Each plotted point represents a variable speed AC unit offered for sale in India in 2024, with colors denoting manufacturers and the Y-axis reflecting AC efficiency in ISEER. Efficiency level for each unit is taken from its label as reported on the BEE website.
India’s AC market has matured significantly, with a wide range of high-efficiency models already available. An ambitious MEPS trajectory is not only feasible but necessary to accelerate market transformation and ensure long-term energy security.
This roadmap is fully aligned with India’s G20 commitment to double energy efficiency improvements.
Figure 2. Projected national peak electricity demand due to ACs in the Business-As-Usual (BAU) case and the Accelerated Efficiency Improvement case, the recommended trajectory for MEPS revision.
Figure 3. Room AC efficiency index (black) and room AC consumer price index (red) in Japan (1990-2015).
Between 1995 and 2010, AC efficiency nearly doubled, while inflation-adjusted AC prices reduced by 80%
Figure 3. Room AC efficiency (blue, green) and room AC wholesale price index (grey) in India (2006-2023)
Between 2007 and 2023, room AC efficiency improved by 60%, while inflation adjusted AC prices nearly halved.
Weak or delayed MEPS revisions risk locking India into decades of inefficient cooling technologies, worsening shortages and driving costly grid expansion.
Strengthening MEPS is not only a powerful energy savings strategy—it is also a crucial reliability tool and a necessary step toward India becoming a global leader in affordable, sustainable cooling.